|
Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Nonribosomal peptides are also found in higher organisms, such as nudibranchs, but are thought to be made by bacteria inside these organisms. While there exist a wide range of peptides that are not synthesized by ribosomes, the term ''nonribosomal peptide'' typically refers to a very specific set of these as discussed in this article. Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, which, unlike the ribosomes, are independent of messenger RNA. Each nonribosomal peptide synthetase can synthesize only one type of peptide. Nonribosomal peptides often have cyclic and/or branched structures, can contain non-proteinogenic amino acids including D-amino acids, carry modifications like ''N''-methyl and ''N''-formyl groups, or are glycosylated, acylated, halogenated, or hydroxylated. Cyclization of amino acids against the peptide "backbone" is often performed, resulting in oxazolines and thiazolines; these can be further oxidized or reduced. On occasion, dehydration is performed on serines, resulting in dehydroalanine. This is just a sampling of the various manipulations and variations that nonribosomal peptides can perform. Nonribosomal peptides are often dimers or trimers of identical sequences chained together or cyclized, or even branched. Nonribosomal peptides are a very diverse family of natural products with an extremely broad range of biological activities and pharmacological properties. They are often toxins, siderophores, or pigments. Nonribosomal peptide antibiotics, cytostatics, and immunosuppressants are in commercial use. ==Examples== * Antibiotics * * Actinomycin * * Bacitracin * * Calcium dependent antibiotic * * Daptomycin * * Vancomycin * * Teixobactin * * Tyrocidine * * Gramicidin * * Zwittermicin A * Antibiotic precursors * * ACV-Tripeptide * Cytostatics * * Epothilone * * Bleomycin * Immunosuppressants * * Ciclosporin (Cyclosporine A) * Siderophores * * Enterobactin * * Myxochelin A * Pigments * * Indigoidine * Toxins * * Microcystins and * * Nodularins, cyanotoxins from cyanobacteria. * Nitrogen storage polymers * * Cyanophycin - produced by some cyanobacteria * Phytotoxins * * HC-toxin - a virulence factor made by the plant pathogenic fungus ''Cochliobolus (Helminthosporium) carbonum'' * * AM-toxin - made by the plant pathogenic fungus ''Alternaria alternata'' pv. ''Mali'' * * victorin - a chlorinated cyclic pentapeptide made by the pathogenic fungus ''Cochliobolus victoriae''. Its nonribosomal synthesis has not been established. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nonribosomal peptide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|